The LM324 is a widely used quad operational amplifier (OP‑AMP) that integrates four independent high‑gain amplifiers into a single package. Designed for low‑power operation over a wide voltage range, this versatile IC is ideal for signal conditioning, active filtering, data acquisition, and general analog processing in consumer, industrial, and automotive electronics. With its single‑supply capability (operates down to 3V) and robust performance, the LM324 can handle common‑mode input voltages that include ground, making it suitable for single‑supply systems where negative rails are not available. Its excellent input impedance and low bias current ensure reliable analog performance while its affordable pricing and widespread availability make it a popular choice in both hobbyist and professional projects.
| Specification | Detail |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | Various (TI, STMicroelectronics, ON Semi, etc.) |
| Model | LM324 |
| Function | Quad Operational Amplifier |
| Supply Voltage Range | 3V to 32V (single supply), ±1.5V to ±16V |
| Input Common‑Mode Range | Includes Ground |
| Output Swing | VCC – 1.5V at RL = 2 kΩ |
| Gain Bandwidth | ~1 MHz |
| Package Types | 14‑DIP, 14‑SOIC, others |
| Input Offset Voltage | ~2 mV (typical) |
| Operating Temperature | –40°C to +85°C (varies by manufacturer) |
| Channels | 4 (Quad) |
| Mounting Type | Through‑Hole (DIP) / Surface‑Mount (SOIC) |

